{"id":3042,"date":"2025-12-18T17:58:10","date_gmt":"2025-12-18T16:58:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/?p=3042"},"modified":"2025-12-18T17:58:10","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T16:58:10","slug":"invalid-cross-ticketing-tcs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/invalid-cross-ticketing-tcs\/","title":{"rendered":"Invalid &#8220;cross-ticketing&#8221; T&#038;Cs"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-k0maauhv-722d794a503aa9e6eb7a4cdae65264d0 alternate_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3042'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-k0macqdy-22b5bde472144ce07ad1bd648fc1f15e sc-av_one_full av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k0macqdy-22b5bde472144ce07ad1bd648fc1f15e\">\n.flex_column.av-k0macqdy-22b5bde472144ce07ad1bd648fc1f15e{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-k0macqdy-22b5bde472144ce07ad1bd648fc1f15e av_one_full  avia-builder-el-1  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-bottom av-animated-generic fade-in av-zero-column-padding '     ><p><section  class='av_textblock_section av-akjvjb-8cf54157fdaed6af9f110ba0b2977a4c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><b>Aviation Law<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kwc3w1d3-0a9c33dcac8026ce5a254e295c974fc3\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kwc3w1d3-0a9c33dcac8026ce5a254e295c974fc3{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kwc3w1d3-0a9c33dcac8026ce5a254e295c974fc3 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kwc3w1d3-0a9c33dcac8026ce5a254e295c974fc3 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kwc3w1d3-0a9c33dcac8026ce5a254e295c974fc3 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  av-linked-heading'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Invalid <span class='special_amp'>&#8220;<\/span>cross-ticketing<span class='special_amp'>&#8221;<\/span> T&amp;Cs of Lufthansa: BGH ruling of October 28, 2025 (Case No. X ZR 110\/24)<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-1trcuv-ebc1ccef8da3744187d350f1b5df0597 main_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3042'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dhmgdj-0d223fc6d5835d8321527e1f634715f3\">\n.flex_column.av-dhmgdj-0d223fc6d5835d8321527e1f634715f3{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-dhmgdj-0d223fc6d5835d8321527e1f634715f3 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding '     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dhmgdj-11-61684b1cdc0c124fa7f1b596a382b0d8\">\n.flex_column.av-dhmgdj-11-61684b1cdc0c124fa7f1b596a382b0d8{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-dhmgdj-11-61684b1cdc0c124fa7f1b596a382b0d8 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kl15mkxp-7e007be1c188d1f66b4a6a96678fdfd2\">\n.avia-image-container.av-kl15mkxp-7e007be1c188d1f66b4a6a96678fdfd2 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-kl15mkxp-7e007be1c188d1f66b4a6a96678fdfd2 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-kl15mkxp-7e007be1c188d1f66b4a6a96678fdfd2 av-styling-no-styling avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-7  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3032 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3032 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450.jpg\" alt='' title='rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450'  height=\"450\" width=\"900\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450.jpg 900w, https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450-360x180.jpg 360w, https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rsz_cross_ticketing_900x450-705x353.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dhmgdj-10-6258e01dfdff79e8dd1b5b46f1a641a5\">\n.flex_column.av-dhmgdj-10-6258e01dfdff79e8dd1b5b46f1a641a5{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-dhmgdj-10-6258e01dfdff79e8dd1b5b46f1a641a5 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding '     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dhmgdj-9-27e0ec82a738421997b1632cd35b3567\">\n.flex_column.av-dhmgdj-9-27e0ec82a738421997b1632cd35b3567{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-dhmgdj-9-27e0ec82a738421997b1632cd35b3567 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-c66f6f-a2fdf59e8bd97eb8c5f963f91b9389a2\">\n.flex_column.av-c66f6f-a2fdf59e8bd97eb8c5f963f91b9389a2{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-c66f6f-a2fdf59e8bd97eb8c5f963f91b9389a2 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><p><section  class='av_textblock_section av-akjvjb-12-8cb5ce5680c3860ef7e0a7101a1a5450'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>December 18th, 2025<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-akjvjb-8-de6a06891bb77fc1b9f222c6970e2137\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-akjvjb-8-de6a06891bb77fc1b9f222c6970e2137 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-akjvjb-8-de6a06891bb77fc1b9f222c6970e2137'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>On October 28, 2025, the Federal Court of Germany (\u201cBundesgerichtshof\u201d,BGH) issued an interesting ruling in the case X ZR 110\/24, which could be of significance to certain airlines, particularly those that use similar clauses in their General Terms and Conditions (T&amp;Cs). The case was initiated by a consumer protection association.<\/p>\n<p>The ruling concerns a clause that provides for a recalculation of the airfare if a passenger does not take their flight in the order specified on the ticket.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-akjvjb-7-fc701bd38ce8f7cece95b0d562520b44'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Key Points of the Ruling:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The court decided that a clause which provides for a recalculation of the airfare in case passengers do not take their booked journey in the specified order is invalid in certain cases. This is particularly relevant for passengers who must change their plans due to unforeseeable reasons (e.g., illness or force majeure) but who originally intended to take the full journey.<\/p>\n<p>According to the BGH, this provision constitutes an unreasonable disadvantage in the sense of the AGB (terms and conditions) control under Sections 305 et seq. of the German Civil Code (BGB). Specifically, the clause does not distinguish between passengers who deliberately exploit the cheaper fares of connecting flights to their advantage and misuse the airline\u2019s pricing system, and those who are genuinely prevented from taking a part of their journey.<\/p>\n<p>However, the Federal Court also acknowledges that airlines have a legitimate interest in protecting their pricing system, and such clauses may be effective against those passengers who misuse the complex fare system.<\/p>\n<p>An interesting aspect of the ruling is the court\u2019s observation that, while it may be difficult for airlines to prove whether a passenger originally intended to use only a portion of the flight, this issue could be addressed by a regulation that places the burden of proof on the passenger to demonstrate that they had originally planned to take the entire journey.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Implications for Airlines\u2019 &#8220;Cross-Ticketing&#8221; T&amp;Cs:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In light of this recent, high-level ruling from Karlsruhe, airlines should urgently review their fare recalculation clauses to ensure their legality. In particular, it is necessary to clarify under what circumstances fare recalculations are justified and how changes to the passenger\u2019s travel plans should be handled.<\/p>\n<p>It may be advisable to explicitly define unforeseen changes (e.g., illness, force majeure) in the T&amp;Cs, as well as to introduce specific notification obligations for passengers. Furthermore, airlines may consider implementing a burden of proof reversal in their T&amp;Cs, whereby passengers would be required to prove that they originally intended to use the full service and that their change in travel plans was due to circumstances that occurred after the contract was concluded.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, airlines should aim to differentiate their clauses more clearly in their T&amp;Cs. It may therefore be necessary to adapt existing &#8220;cross-ticketing&#8221; formulations in the T&amp;Cs to ensure that the clauses are clear, transparent, and do not impose an unreasonable disadvantage on passengers.<\/p>\n<p>For more information about the ruling, this issue, or how to adjust your T&amp;Cs, we are happy to assist you at any time!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-78sj7b-5981ae9f9ed2ce3ea05800ac98725130\">\n.flex_column.av-78sj7b-5981ae9f9ed2ce3ea05800ac98725130{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-78sj7b-5981ae9f9ed2ce3ea05800ac98725130 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-k0maauhv-13-9487a2d4cd68638d6ae48b95e09dc666 alternate_color avia-section-large avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3042'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-78sj7b-2-53cab8b7a298fd141078602e1d911316\">\n.flex_column.av-78sj7b-2-53cab8b7a298fd141078602e1d911316{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-78sj7b-2-53cab8b7a298fd141078602e1d911316 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-16  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-akjvjb-3-56355c954a1f26993fe11781de15c8e4\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-akjvjb-3-56355c954a1f26993fe11781de15c8e4 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-akjvjb-3-56355c954a1f26993fe11781de15c8e4'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">We would be happy to advise you.<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-78sj7b-1-9c5da18ba8d06d9a01a4ea93b3184ea4\">\n.flex_column.av-78sj7b-1-9c5da18ba8d06d9a01a4ea93b3184ea4{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-78sj7b-1-9c5da18ba8d06d9a01a4ea93b3184ea4 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6khu07-f717ddc046eef236834079e21720ef46\">\n.flex_column.av-6khu07-f717ddc046eef236834079e21720ef46{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-6khu07-f717ddc046eef236834079e21720ef46 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><div class=\"single-contact no-link avia-builder-el-20  avia-builder-el-no-sibling \"><div class=\"single-contact-inner\"><p>Contact<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/stenger-rechtsanwaelte-sascha-laib-10-250x320.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-886 avia-img-lazy-loading-886 attachment-lawyer-thumbnail size-lawyer-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Sascha Laib<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"tel:+49 (40) 36 09 86 0\">T: +49 (40) 36 09 86 0<\/a><br><a href=\"mailto:slaib@stenger.legal\">M: slaib@stenger.legal<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-25a3ev-1a17c42911c13ecd4b0829311f17473b\">\n.flex_column.av-25a3ev-1a17c42911c13ecd4b0829311f17473b{\n-webkit-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n-moz-border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_column av-25a3ev-1a17c42911c13ecd4b0829311f17473b av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding column-top-margin'     ><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3032,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aviation-law"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3042"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3042\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3054,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3042\/revisions\/3054"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stenger.legal\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}